![cd [activemq_install_dir]\assembly\target unzip activemq-x.x-SNAPSHOT.zip cd activemq-x.x-SNAPSHOT bin\activemq NOTE: Working directories get created relative to the current directory. To create the working directories in the proper place, ActiveMQ Classic must be launched from its home/installation directory. . Youtube statistics](/img/512x512/1200482777962.webp)
Apache ActiveMQ is a high performance Apache 2.0 licensed Message Broker. ActiveMQ supports several API and protocols: Jakarta Messaging 3.1.0, JMS 2.0 and JMS 1.1. AMQP. Jan 27, 2008 ... I tried to take a decision of choosing between Sun Open MQ server and apache ActiveMQ . Is there any one can help me in this decision ?Feb 14, 2024 · ActiveMQ Classic supports many different Protocols such as Ajax, REST, Stomp, OpenWire, XMPP. ActiveMQ Classic supports a large number of advanced features like Message Groups, Exclusive Consumer, Composite Destinations, Advisory Message support. ActiveMQ Classic supports reliable connections with configurable automatic …Feb 14, 2024 · Reporting new security problems with Apache ActiveMQ components. We strongly encourage people to report security problems privately, using the security mailing list of the ASF Security Team, before disclosing them in a public forum. Please see the ASF Security Team pages for contact information and further detail on the process. The ASF ...Apr 12, 2023 ... ActiveMQ Explained ActiveMQ Tutorial | Apache ActiveMQ course | Learn about ActiveMQ JMS Messaging. 114 views · 11 months ago ...more. SoftWiz ...Feb 14, 2024 · Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.2 was released on Sep 2nd, 2022. It’s a major milestone for ActiveMQ Classic, now using Spring 5.x, Log4j 2.x, and other major updates and resolved issues and bug fixes. Getting the Binary Distributions. Description Download Link Verify; Windows Distribution: apache-activemq-5.17.2-bin.zip:Feb 14, 2024 · ActiveMQ Classic from version 5.4 has an optional persistent scheduler built into the ActiveMQ Classic message broker. It is enabled by setting the broker schedulerSupport attribute to true in the Xml Configuration.An ActiveMQ Classic client can take advantage of a delayed delivery by using the following message properties: Check … Introduction. ActiveMQ Classic is the system responsible for creating and managing network connections used for communication between clients and the broker. This document hopes to outline the inner workings of this system with in order to make it easier to understand for future developers. It will give a high-level overview of the system and ... Jan 7, 2011 · If you go into the following folder: C:\apache-activemq-5.5.0\bin\win32. Open the "InstallService.bat" file in a local text editor. Modify the bottom part of the script to look like the following. Notice that your JAVA_HOME environment variable needs to already be set and you'll need to pass it as a variable to the wrapper.BUENOS AIRES, Argentina—No one—not the electricity companies nor the federal or local governments—seems willing or able to handle the electricity demands of Buenos Aires residents....Sep 13, 2021 ... Editor's note (September 2021): This post has been updated to include new information about ActiveMQ Artemis. Apache ActiveMQ is message ...Mar 13, 2024 · The Apache ActiveMQ integration writes logs and collects storage usage and message metrics. Storage metrics include memory and disk usage. Message metrics include number of waiting messages, average wait time, and expired messages. For more information about ActiveMQ, see the Apache ActiveMQ documentation. Apache, ActiveMQ, Apache ActiveMQ, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache ActiveMQ project logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.Copyright © 2024 ... Your blacks and your whites clothes can be are tricky items in the washing machine. The good folks at Consumer Reports have some tried-and-tested tips to stop your black clothes fr...The Insider Trading Activity of Neely Wilson S on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksApache ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.6 was released on Oct 25th, 2023. It’s a maintenance release on the ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.x series, bringing: improvement on KahaDB memory consumption; add additional fields on JMX Connection MBean; improvement on OpenWire marshaller on Throwable class type; a lot of dependency …Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.16.5 was released on May 2nd, 2022. It’s an important release, switching from log4j 1.x to reload4j, and including several resolved issues and bug fixes. This is the last intended Classic 5.16.x release. Users should upgrade to the current stream for ongoing releases, as noted in May 2022.Using ActiveMQ Classic > Web Samples. There are a few example programs demonstrating the REST, Ajax and WebSockets messaging that comes with the ActiveMQ Classic ...Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine Nadia Hansel, MD, MPH, is the interim director of the Department of Medicine in th... ActiveMQ is an open source message broker written in Java. It's fully compliant with JMS 1.1 standards. It is developed and maintained by Apache Software Foundation and is licensed under Apache license. It provides high availability, scalability, reliability, performance and security for enterprise level messaging applications. Apache ActiveMQ is an open source Java-based message broker that supports a number of transport protocols, such as STOMP, MQTT or AMQP. Release. Released. Support. Latest. 6.1. 1 week and 2 days ago. (11 Mar 2024) Yes.What is Apache ActiveMQ? Apache ActiveMQ is an open-source, multi-protocol message broker. Written primarily in Java, it enables applications to integrate across multiple messaging protocols, including AMQP, MQTT, STOMP, and JMS. ActiveMQ is a message broker supporting point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging semantics.Jun 19, 2022 · A note to you is that since version 5.16.0, by default, ActiveMQ’s WebConsole is not exposed to outside access, so here I only expose port 61616 of ActiveMQ server! The 2 folders inside the ActiveMQ container are also mounted to the external folders for us to easily work with it.Apache, ActiveMQ, Apache ActiveMQ, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache ActiveMQ project logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.Copyright © …Nov 1, 2023 · Apache ActiveMQ is a scalable open-source message broker that fosters communication between clients and servers, supporting Java and various cross-language clients and many protocols, including ... Apache ActiveMQ Artemis Documentation. The user documentation is available in HTML and PDF formats, select the relevant version to view or download. Feb 14, 2024 · Developers > Ideas > RESTful Queue. RESTful Queue. This document is intended to document the ideal RESTful interface to message queues in light of. the discussion on rest-discuss; Atom Publishing Protocol (APP); httplr; Issues with Queues and REST. One of the main issues with making a truly RESTful API to a message queue is …Dec 29, 2015 · Apache ActiveMQ is the most popular and powerful open source messaging server. ActiveMQ apart from being powerful and open source, it is the most light weight messaging server compared to other messaging servers like JBossMQ and Tibco EMS. 3. Setting up ActiveMQ.Apache ActiveMQ on Ubuntu 18.04. ActiveMQ is a popular, open-source, multi-protocol implementation of message-oriented middleware (MOM) with enterprise features ...3 days ago · What is Pulsar. Apache Pulsar is an all-in-one messaging and streaming platform. Messages can be consumed and acknowledged individually or consumed as streams with less than 10ms of latency.Its layered architecture allows rapid scaling across hundreds of nodes, without data reshuffling.. Its features include multi-tenancy with …Facebook is launching an 11-week initiative to help small businesses during the holiday shopping season. In a bid to help small businesses capitalize on the upcoming holiday shoppi... This procedure explains how to download and install the source distribution on a Windows system. Download the latest release (see Download -> “The latest stable release” -> “apache-activemq-x.x.x-source-release.zip”) Extract ActiveMQ Classic from the ZIP file into a directory of your choice. The recommended method of building ActiveMQ ... Reader gkrieshok likes the idea of binder clips as cable catchers, but not having to fish wires through the handles when you need to pull the cables away. His solution uses strong ...Jan 30, 2024 · MQTT has been specifically designed to reduce transport overhead (and thus network traffic) and code footprint on client devices. For this reason MQTT is ideally suited to constrained devices such as sensors and actuators and is quickly becoming the defacto standard communication protocol for IoT. Apache ActiveMQ Artemis supports …3 days ago · Apache ActiveMQ Artemis supports STOMP 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2. STOMP clients are available for several languages and platforms making it a good choice for interoperability. By default there are acceptor elements configured to accept STOMP connections on ports 61616 and 61613.Feb 14, 2024 · Getting help on log4j. Since ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.0, ActiveMQ Classic uses log4j2. You can find log4j2 documentation here. ActiveMQ Classic 5.16.4+ uses reload4j, a fork of log4j1 containing important security fixes, with the same configuration as log4j1. Before ActiveMQ Classic 5.16.4, ActiveMQ Classic uses log4j1.Jun 19, 2022 · A note to you is that since version 5.16.0, by default, ActiveMQ’s WebConsole is not exposed to outside access, so here I only expose port 61616 of ActiveMQ server! The 2 folders inside the ActiveMQ container are also mounted to the external folders for us to easily work with it.Sep 8, 2023 · Apache ActiveMQ Logo.svg. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. File. File history. File usage on Commons. File usage on other wikis. Metadata. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 512 × 420 pixels. Other resolutions: 293 × 240 pixels | 585 × 480 pixels | 936 × 768 pixels | 1,248 × 1,024 pixels | 2,497 × 2,048 pixels.A list of available clients for PHP is available here. Among others you can grab a stomp-php client from here.Feb 14, 2024 · Apache ActiveMQ in Action is a thorough, practical guide to implementing message-oriented systems in Java using ActiveMQ. The book lays out the core of ActiveMQ in clear language, starting with the anatomy of a JMS message and moving quickly through connectors, message persistence, authentication and authorization.Feb 14, 2024 · It is possible to connect to an ActiveMQ Classic Broker running externally. The setup is similar to the above with only two changes. BrokerXmlConfig = ServerUrl = tcp://someHostName:61616 ResourceAdapter = MyJmsResourceAdapter. Here the BrokerXmlConfig property is empty as we are not configuring an embedded broker to be …Are you searching for a truly unforgettable evening of entertainment in the beautiful state of Arizona? Look no further than Barleens Opry Dinner Show. Located in Apache Junction, ...Feb 14, 2024 · Details of security problems fixed in released versions of Apache ActiveMQ Classic 6.x and 5.x are detailed below. See the main Security Advisories page for details for other components and general information such as reporting new security issues.. CVE-2023-46604 - Unbounded deserialization causes ActiveMQ Classic to be vulnerable to …Mar 19, 2024 · Apache ActiveMQ. Apache Kafka. RabbitMQ. When implementing the sender method, you can press Ctrl+Space to complete available destinations and then hold Ctrl while clicking it to navigate to the relevant declaration. Click in the gutter where you implemented the receiver (listener) method to list all usages of the ...May 4, 2018 ... Simplesmente não estou conseguindo rodar o consumer =/ fica dando a excecao abaixo, alguem tem uma ideia? Codigo do consumer ``` public ...Feb 14, 2024 · Community > FAQ > Using Apache ActiveMQ Classic > How do I use SSL. Setting up the Key and Trust Stores. Also see Tomcat’s SSL instructions for more info. The following was provided by Colin Kilburn. Thanks Colin! ActiveMQ Classic uses dummy credentials by default. ActiveMQ Classic includes key and trust stores that reference a … RabbitMQ is dual-licensed under the Apache License 2.0 and the Mozilla Public License 2. You have the freedom to use and modify RabbitMQ however you want. Of course, contributions are more than welcome! Whether it is through bug reports, patches, helping someone, documentation or any form of advocacy. An in-depth manual on all aspects of Apache ActiveMQ Artemis 2.33.0. 1. Overview. General Project Information. Why use Apache ActiveMQ Artemis? Messaging Concepts. Core Architecture. 2. Protocols & APIs. Protocols and Interoperability. AMQP. STOMP. MQTT. OpenWire. Using Core. Core Client Failover. The AMQ Message Store is an embeddable transactional message storage solution that is extremely fast and reliable. message commands are written to a transactional journal - which consists of rolling data logs - which means writing is extremely fast and the state of the store is easily recoverable. Messages themselves are persisted in the data ... Mar 3, 2022 · Now extract the archive file using the tar command and move it into the extracted directory using the cd command as shown. # tar zxvf apache-activemq-5.16.4-bin.tar.gz. # cd apache-activemq-5.16.4. Now your ActiveMQ package should be installed in the /opt directory and you can view its contents using the ls command. # ls -l.Nov 6, 2023 · Internet-exposed Apache ActiveMQ servers are also targeted in TellYouThePass ransomware attacks targeting a critical remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability previously exploited as a zero-day ...Your blacks and your whites clothes can be are tricky items in the washing machine. The good folks at Consumer Reports have some tried-and-tested tips to stop your black clothes fr...Oct 27, 2023 · Apache ActiveMQ is vulnerable to Remote Code Execution.The vulnerability may allow a remote attacker with network access to a broker to run arbitrary shell commands by manipulating serialized class types in the OpenWire protocol to cause the broker to instantiate any class on the classpath.Nov 1, 2023 · CVE-2023-46604 is a remote code execution vulnerability in Apache ActiveMQ that allows a remote attacker with network access to a broker “to run arbitrary shell commands by manipulating serialized class types in the OpenWire protocol to cause the broker to instantiate any class on the classpath.”. This is one of the more convoluted ... Multi-Protocol Messaging. Apache ActiveMQ® is the most popular open source, multi-protocol, Java-based message broker. It supports industry standard protocols so users get the benefits of client choices across a broad range of languages and platforms. Connect from clients written in JavaScript, C, C++, Python, .Net, and more.Feb 15, 2024 · Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.7.0 is primarily a maintenance release which resolves nearly 200 issues, mostly bug fixes and improvements. Java 7 support (compiled with jdk6 and validated with jdk7) Secure WebSockets (wss) transport. Broker Based Redelivery. Pluggable Store Lockers.Feb 14, 2024 · Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.2 was released on Sep 2nd, 2022. It’s a major milestone for ActiveMQ Classic, now using Spring 5.x, Log4j 2.x, and other major updates and resolved issues and bug fixes. Getting the Binary Distributions. Description Download Link Verify; Windows Distribution: apache-activemq-5.17.2-bin.zip: Using ActiveMQ Classic. To help you get started using Apache ActiveMQ Classic you may wish to start off with the Getting Started guide or the Configuring Transports. Otherwise here is a complete list of the guides. Configuring Brokers. Configuring Transports. ActiveMQ Classic Connection URIs. Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.16.3 was released on Aug 17th, 2021. It fully supports JDK 9+ at runtime and includes several resolved issues and bug fixes. Getting the Binary Distributions. Description Download Link Verify; Windows Distribution: apache-activemq-5.16.3-bin.zip: ASC, SHA512:Apache ActiveMQ on Ubuntu 18.04. ActiveMQ is a popular, open-source, multi-protocol implementation of message-oriented middleware (MOM) with enterprise features ...Amazon MQ is a managed message broker service for Apache ActiveMQ and RabbitMQ that makes it easy to set up and operate message brokers in the cloud. You get direct access to the ActiveMQ and RabbitMQ consoles and industry standard APIs and protocols for messaging, including JMS, NMS, AMQP 1.0 and 0.9.1, STOMP, MQTT, and WebSocket.Apache Mark 1s of 656 Squadron landed at Wattisham Flying Station in Suffolk on Monday after a farewell tour. Wattisham-based units had flown the helicopter, which is being …Integration Capabilities: ActiveMQ supports integration with various Apache projects like Camel, CXF, and Karaf. It also provides support for integration with popular frameworks like Spring. IBM MQ, on the other hand, offers seamless integration with other IBM products and technologies like IBM Integration Bus (IIB), IBM App Connect, and IBM Integration …Using ActiveMQ Classic > Initial Configuration. Initial Configuration. Firstly you need to add the jars to your classpath. Required JARs. To make ActiveMQ Classic easy to use, the default activemq-all.jar comes complete with all the libraries required. If you prefer to have explicit control over all the jars used by ActiveMQ Classic here is the full list of individual …Jan 7, 2011 · If you go into the following folder: C:\apache-activemq-5.5.0\bin\win32. Open the "InstallService.bat" file in a local text editor. Modify the bottom part of the script to look like the following. Notice that your JAVA_HOME environment variable needs to already be set and you'll need to pass it as a variable to the wrapper.Apache ActiveMQ Classic 6.0.0 was released on Nov 17th, 2023. It’s a major release for the project, especially bringing: Jakarta Messaging 3.1, JMS 2.0, JMS 1.1 support (new features will come in the 6.x series) Jakarta EE namespace support. JDK17/20/21 support.Feb 14, 2024 · For memory leaks or performance related issues, if you can run a profiler on your test case and attach the output as a file (or zipped file if it’s huge) to the issue we can normally fix things much faster. e.g. you could run jmap / jhat, JProfiler or YourKit on your code and send us the output. To find memory leaks it’s quicker to resolve ...Free and Open Source. RabbitMQ is dual-licensed under the Apache License 2.0 and the Mozilla Public License 2. You have the freedom to use and modify RabbitMQ however …Nov 1, 2023 · CVE-2023-46604 is a remote code execution vulnerability in Apache ActiveMQ that allows a remote attacker with network access to a broker “to run arbitrary shell commands by manipulating serialized class types in the OpenWire protocol to cause the broker to instantiate any class on the classpath.”. This is one of the more convoluted ... Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.18.0 was released on Mar 24th, 2023. It’s a major milestone for the ActiveMQ Classic. ActiveMQ Classic 5.18.x brings: It brings initial JMS 2.0 (javax.jms API namespace) and Jakarta Messaging 3.1 (jakarta.jms API namespace) client support. See the JMS 2.0 page for more details on the available functionality and how ... Apache, ActiveMQ, Apache ActiveMQ, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache ActiveMQ project logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.Copyright © 2024 ... Feb 14, 2024 · Currently, the following providers are available: AMQP provides support for AMQP 1.0 protocol. Compatible with ActiveMQ 5.x, ActiveMQ Artemis and any other AMQP 1.0 compliant broker. ActiveMQ (OpenWire) client which communicates with ActiveMQ 5.x using its own native wire protocol and provides many advanced features … Apache ActiveMQ® is the most popular open source, multi-protocol, Java-based message broker. It supports industry standard protocols so users get the benefits of client choices across a broad range of languages and platforms. Connect from clients written in JavaScript, C, C++, Python, .Net, and more. The S&P 500 opened today at 5,219.52. Within 30 minutes of trading, the benchmark index rose by 2.98 points, or 0.06%.American Airlines offers 9 boarding groups for each of its flights, starting with elite passengers, working down to Basic Economy tickets. We may be compensated when you click on p...Feb 14, 2024 · Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.16.6 was released on Feb 16th, 2023. It’s an important release, switching including several resolved issues. This is the last intended Classic 5.16.x release. Users should upgrade to the current stream for ongoing releases, as noted in May 2022.Amazon MQ is a managed message broker service for Apache ActiveMQ and RabbitMQ that makes it easy to set up and operate message brokers in the cloud. You get direct access to the ActiveMQ and RabbitMQ consoles and industry standard APIs and protocols for messaging, including JMS, NMS, AMQP 1.0 and 0.9.1, STOMP, MQTT, and WebSocket.ActiveMQ Classic comes with WebSocket transport which implements Stomp over WebSockets functionality. To configure it, you need to place something like this to your ActiveMQ Classic configuration file. One thing worth noting is that web sockets (just as Ajax) implements the same origin policy, so you can access only brokers running on the …Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.0 was released on Mar 14th, 2022. It’s a major milestone for ActiveMQ Classic, now using Spring 5.x, Log4j 2.x, and other major updates and resolved issues and bug fixes.. Getting the Binary DistributionsFeb 14, 2024 · For more details on using SSL with ActiveMQ Classic, see the following article (How do I use SSL).Enabling AUTO over NIO. To configure ActiveMQ Classic auto wire format detection over an NIO TCP connection use the auto+nio transport prefix. For example, add the following transport configuration in your XML file:The Insider Trading Activity of Neely Wilson S on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksIntegration Capabilities: ActiveMQ supports integration with various Apache projects like Camel, CXF, and Karaf. It also provides support for integration with popular frameworks like Spring. IBM MQ, on the other hand, offers seamless integration with other IBM products and technologies like IBM Integration Bus (IIB), IBM App Connect, and IBM Integration …Connectivity > Protocols > REST. ActiveMQ Classic implements a RESTful API to messaging which allows any web capable device to publish or consume messages using a regular HTTP POST or GET. If you are interested in messaging directly from web browsers you might wanna check out our Ajax or WebSockets support or try running the REST …Oct 27, 2023 · Apache ActiveMQ is vulnerable to Remote Code Execution.The vulnerability may allow a remote attacker with network access to a broker to run arbitrary shell commands by manipulating serialized class types in the OpenWire protocol to cause the broker to instantiate any class on the classpath.
Apache ActiveMQ Classic is a message broker which supports multiple wire level protocols for maximum interoperability. AMQP. AUTO. MQTT. OpenWire. REST. RSS and Atom. Stomp. WSIF. . Betway logi
Oct 25, 2023 · Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.6 was released on Oct 25th, 2023. It’s a maintenance release on the ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.x series, bringing: improvement on KahaDB memory consumption; add additional fields on JMX Connection MBean; improvement on OpenWire marshaller on Throwable class type; a lot of dependency updates Feb 14, 2024 · Community > FAQ > Using Apache ActiveMQ Classic > How do I use SSL. Setting up the Key and Trust Stores. Also see Tomcat’s SSL instructions for more info. The following was provided by Colin Kilburn. Thanks Colin! ActiveMQ Classic uses dummy credentials by default. ActiveMQ Classic includes key and trust stores that reference a …Apache ActiveMQ Classic 5.18.0 was released on Mar 24th, 2023. It’s a major milestone for the ActiveMQ Classic. ActiveMQ Classic 5.18.x brings: It brings initial JMS 2.0 (javax.jms API namespace) and Jakarta Messaging 3.1 (jakarta.jms API namespace) client support. See the JMS 2.0 page for more details on the available functionality and how ...Feb 14, 2024 · Version Compatibility. Available in ActiveMQ Classic 5.8.0 but became unsupported as of 5.14.2, and was removed in 5.17.0. The LevelDB Store is a file based persistence database that is local to the message broker that is using it. It has been optimized to provide even faster persistence than KahaDB.American Airlines offers 9 boarding groups for each of its flights, starting with elite passengers, working down to Basic Economy tickets. We may be compensated when you click on p...Jan 18, 2024 · Apache ActiveMQ Vulnerability Leads to Stealthy Godzilla Webshell. Trustwave has observed a surge in attacks exploiting vulnerabilities in Apache ActiveMQ hosts. In certain cases, these host malicious Java Server Pages (JSP) web shells. The web shells are concealed within an unknown binary format and are designed to evade …Feb 14, 2024 · Getting help on log4j. Since ActiveMQ Classic 5.17.0, ActiveMQ Classic uses log4j2. You can find log4j2 documentation here. ActiveMQ Classic 5.16.4+ uses reload4j, a fork of log4j1 containing important security fixes, with the same configuration as log4j1. Before ActiveMQ Classic 5.16.4, ActiveMQ Classic uses log4j1.Apache ActiveMQ is released under the Apache 2.0 License. To respond to business demands quickly and efficiently, you need a way to integrate the applications and data spread across your enterprise. Red Hat JBoss A-MQ—based on the Apache ActiveMQ open source project—is a flexible, ...Apr 22, 2014 ... Solved: Hi, I am trying to configure JMS Modular App to read messages from ActiveMQ Topic. MQ runs locally on the machine and there is a ...3 days ago · Metrics. Apache ActiveMQ Artemis can export metrics to a variety of monitoring systems via the Micrometer vendor-neutral application metrics facade. Important runtime metrics have been instrumented via the Micrometer API, and all a user needs to do is implement org.apache.activemq.artemis.core.server.metrics.ActiveMQMetricsPlugin …Feb 14, 2024 · For more details on using SSL with ActiveMQ Classic, see the following article (How do I use SSL).Enabling AUTO over NIO. To configure ActiveMQ Classic auto wire format detection over an NIO TCP connection use the auto+nio transport prefix. For example, add the following transport configuration in your XML file:Other important factors to consider when researching alternatives to Apache ActiveMQ include messages and features. We have compiled a list of solutions that reviewers voted as the best overall alternatives and competitors to Apache ActiveMQ, including IBM MQ, MuleSoft Anypoint Platform, RabbitMQ, and Google Cloud Pub/Sub..