Wolof language translation - Apr 12, 2024 · For such models, using backtranslation proves to be slightly beneficial in low-resource Wolof to high-resource French language translation for the transformer-based models. A slight improvement can also be observed when injecting copied monolingual text in the target language.

 
Do you want to learn a new language for free, fun and science-based? Duolingo is the world's most popular language learning platform, with courses in over 40 languages, interactive exercises, and a supportive community. Whether you want to practice online, on your phone, or with a podcast, Duolingo has something for you. Join millions of learners …. Touch net

Dione CMB, Lo A, Nguer EM, Ba S (2022) Low-resource neural machine translation: Benchmarking state-of-the-art transformer for Wolof<->French. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources ...Mar 13, 2023 · Wolof is a widely spoken and historically significant language in Senegal. It has been around for over 800 years, predating the English language for centuries. Wolof has the second-largest native speaker base in Africa, following behind only Arabic. It is one of the most widely spoken African languages. Benoit Language Services, Inc. has been serving the nation's interpreting needs since 1978, providing expert interpreters dedicated to the art of communication in a wide variety of languages. Our accredited professionals are well versed in all areas of the legal, medical and business fields, assuring you accurate, unbiased and confidential ... Introduction to Wolof-Peace Corps/Mauritania P.DOT – Wolof Lessons Lesson 1: The Alphabet Lesson 2: Vocabulary 1 Lesson 3: Greetings Lesson 4: Numbers Lesson 5: Vocabulary 2 Lesson 6: Vocabulary 3 Lesson 7: Days of the Week and Some Expressions of Time Lesson 8: Introducing Self/Someone Lesson 9: Leave-taking Expressions on the French-Wolof pair under the same experimental conditions. Keywords Low resource ·Machine translation ·African languages ·RNN 1 Introduction A machine translation (MT) system allows to switch from a textual sequence (or an audio source) in a source language, to the same sequence in the target language.An accessible look at the Wolof language, from Senegal in West Africa, which has a unique pronoun system where pronouns do much of the work more usually done...Wolof Document Translation Services. The language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania are Wolof. It is spoken by 40% of the population of Wolof and is the native language of the Wolof people. It is also spoken at Senegal as a second language. This language is originated from the Senegambia branch of the Niger-Congo language family.Fueled by data, advances in hardware technol-ogy, and deep neural models, machine translation (NMT) has advanced rapidly over the last ten years. Researchers are beginning to investigate the ef-fectiveness of (NMT) low-resource languages, as in recent WMT 2019 and WMT 2020 tasks (Bar-rault et al., 2019), and in underresourced African languages.Some Essential Wolof Phrases. Sunday, December 30, 2007 Amadou Croff 171 Comments. Advertisements. *** See an updated list here: Basic Wolof Phrases 2012 ***. “Expressions Ouolof Essentielles”. Na nga def. – Hello. (singular) Na ngeen def. – Hello everybody. (plural) Jaam nga fanane. – Good morning.Jun 21, 2023 · Here are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of the Wolof vocabulary for money and currency, as well as asking for prices and bargaining: Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blanks with the appropriate Wolof word for each given English translation. 1. French-English dictionary. n. Thiam leur répond en sa langue maternelle, le Wolof. Thiam answers in their native language, Wolof. Son nom signifie «les protéger» en Wolof. Her name means "protect them" in Wolof. Dans les zones Wolof, ce sont des chefs-adjoints. In Wolof areas, they were the assistant chiefs.Yorùbá to English Machine Translation Dataset. This is a parallel sentence corpus dataset for machine translation from the Yorùbá language to the English language. Yorùbá is the Niger-Congo language and it is spoken in West Africa (southwestern Nigeria). The number of Yorùbá speakers is estimated at between 45 to 55 million.Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal in neighboring countries, many works are written in Wolof or the need to have a tool that allows us to know better this language. Wolof library allows us to do several specific tasks in Wolof languages such as text classification, translation, automatic speech recognition.We can also translate Wolof to and from over 150 other languages, including all the principal languages of Europe, Asia, South America, the Middle East and a variety of African languages, at competitive rates. Our Wolof experts have the ability to provide translation for virtually any project you might have, including marketing materials ...English⇒Wolof Translator. Type or paste a English text to be translated in the input box above. At the left column, select translators you like by clicking the check boxes, then just click the "Go"button. If you had opened several translators, click the icon to view one. Click the "Reset" button to close translators if you don't need them any ...Translator; Shop. Affiliate Store; Polyglot Books; Facebook; Twitter; Search. Search for: Close. Janga Wolof Language & Culture of The Senegambia. Uncategorized. Wolof Lexicon & Phrase Dictionary. Tuesday, January 6, 2015 Saturday, November 20, 2021 Amadou Croff Leave a ... Wolof to English. Amoon na fi. Once upon a time. Amul …In this paper, we propose a neural machine translation system for Wolof, a low-resource Niger-Congo language. First we gathered a parallel corpus of 70000 aligned French-Wolof sentences.Transcription et traduction du wolof par Mamoussé Diagne ; présentation de Lilyan Kesteloot. Paris : Orizons, 2014. (310 p.) [Texts in Wolof facing French translation.] Proverbes nones et wolof du Càngin et du Kayoor: miroir du language populaire.In this paper, we propose a neural machine translation system for Wolof, a low-resource Niger-Congo language. First we gathered a parallel corpus of 70000 aligned French-Wolof sentences. Wolof is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. [3] Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. The principal dialect of Dakar, for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French, and Arabic . Sadly there is no easy answer to this! It entirely depends on your needs and requirements and how long you need to use our services. For a document translation, generally speaking, you would be looking at around £0.10 to £0.15 per word in the current market. Interpretation charges vary from £25 an hour.Here are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of the Wolof vocabulary for money and currency, as well as asking for prices and bargaining: Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blanks with the appropriate Wolof word for each given English translation. 1.English to Wolof Translation Jobs. 6,000+ Potential Customers - Free for Members! Become a Member at Just $12/Month (Paid per Year) MTPE work of 300 000 words in many languages: Job 00071325. Source language (s): English. Target language (s): All languages. Details of the project: Greetings! Hope you are doing well.a type of hugv. his uncle took him out of the arena by putting his arms around his shoulders. lëng / lënga nijaayam a ko lëng génne ko géew bi. huntv. if you want to hunt warthogs go …From the English translation it has now been translated into numerous other languages. The text of the Wolof , English and French versions are available in Online Bible format. Users can open different language versions of the Way of Righteousness series in separate windows and therefore compare them — a very useful exercise for …Wolof is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken not only by members of the Wolof (approximately 40 percent of the population) but also by many other Senegalese. Wolof dialects can vary between countries (Senegal and Gambia) and rural and urban areas. “Dakar-Wolof” is an urban mix of Wolof, French, Arabic, and a little English ...Translate. Swap Languages. Reset. Professional Human Translation. Our translation team consists of many expert and experienced Wolof translators. Each translator …a type of hugv. his uncle took him out of the arena by putting his arms around his shoulders. lëng / lënga nijaayam a ko lëng génne ko géew bi. huntv. if you want to hunt warthogs go …Dione CMB, Lo A, Nguer EM, Ba S (2022) Low-resource neural machine translation: Benchmarking state-of-the-art transformer for Wolof<->French. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources ...Dec 12, 2023 · A Primer on the Wolof People and Language. Wolof is the native language of the Wolof people in Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania. Around 4.6 million people speak Wolof across these West African countries, making it the most widely spoken language in Senegal. There is also a sizable Wolof diaspora in the US, especially in New York and Chicago. Mar 21, 2014 · The unique beauty of Wolof. The Niger-Congo language family usually has different languages branching from it. Wolof is a member of its Senegambain branches. There is an estimated seven million Wolof speakers Mauritania, Gambia, France, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Mali and Guinea-Bissau. In Senegal there are six national languages including Wolof. 5 Mar Handy Phrase Guide: English to Wolof (Senegal) While French is the official language of Senegal, Wolof is the most spoken regional language, with the …Translation of "hello" into Wolof. Naka Nia Def, ba djamarek, munwayo are the top translations of "hello" into Wolof. Sample translated sentence: hello ↔ na gadef. hello verb noun interjection grammar. A call for response if it is not clear if anyone is present or listening, or if a telephone conversation may have been disconnected.This video is all about Wolof, an important language spoken in West Africa! Learn a language with native teachers online using italki: ...We can also translate Wolof to and from over 150 other languages, including all the principal languages of Europe, Asia, South America, the Middle East and a variety of African languages, at competitive rates. Our Wolof experts have the ability to provide translation for virtually any project you might have, including marketing materials ...Wolof Online Course. This is a course in the Wolof language.The basis of the course is a set of videos involving conversations between native speakers of Wolof. Though some of the situations are somewhat contrived, the speech is natural and provides a good model for pronouncing Wolof sounds, imitating Wolof intonation patterns, using Wolof …Jul 31, 2023 · Senegal, a vibrant nation in West Africa, boasts a rich tapestry of languages. Among them, Wolof stands as the lingua franca, spoken by a majority of the population. Interestingly, the influence of French, the official language, remains deeply embedded in Wolof, tracing back to Senegal’s history as a French colony. Il servizio di Google, offerto senza costi, traduce all'istante parole, frasi e pagine web dall'italiano a più di 100 altre lingue e viceversa.Hakha Chin Remote Interpreter. Certified Languages. Remote. $36 - $39 an hour. Full-time. Choose your own hours. Easily apply. Job description Hakha Chin Telephonic Interpreters Wanted (Work From Home) Certified Languages International (CLI) stands at the forefront of world-class…. Posted 30+ days ago ·.hollow (of a tree) n. don’t put your hand in the hollowof the tree. lëm mibul dugal sa loxo ci lëm mi. a type of hugv. his uncle took him out of the arena by putting his arms around his shoulders. lëng / lënga nijaayam a ko lëng génne ko géew bi. huntv. if you want to hunt warthogs go to walo.Download our Wolof-English Translator app today and unlock the power of seamless communication. Benefit from the speed, accuracy, and convenience of our translation capabilities. Whether you're a student, traveler, or language enthusiast, our app is your go-to language companion. Discover the beauty and richness of the Wolof and English ...Right-to-Left (RTL) Language Support. As part of our mission to create a world where everyone can belong, we help connect more than 300 million Arabic, and Hebrew-speakers with support for right-to-left (RTL) languages - including enhanced support of cursive scripts, rendering of complex text layouts, document layout mirroring, and text alignment …Teaching Content and Resources. Would You Like To Contribute or Recommend a Resource? If you would like to send us teaching content (words and phrases), resource recommendations, language videos, social channels, recommended books, websites, apps, products and/or services related to a specific language, please send the information via …The lyrics are from the (brilliant) salsa song 'Yaye Boy' by Africando with Senegalese lead singer Papa Seck. I assume the lyrics are in Wolof. Unfortunately I haven't been able to track down a translation - there was a discussion about it here which never came up with the answer. Dante Orlando from USA wrote:Wolof is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken not only by members of the Wolof (approximately 40 percent of the population) but also by many other Senegalese. Wolof dialects can vary between countries (Senegal and Gambia) and rural and urban areas. “Dakar-Wolof” is an urban mix of Wolof, French, Arabic, and a little English ... Machine translation for Wolof . Machine translation for the Wolof language is supported by 5 machine translation APIs. Quality estimation for the Wolof language is supported by 1 quality estimation APIs. Code wo Names Wolof Language family Niger-Congo Scripts Latin, Arabic Locale variants wo-sn wo-mr wo-gm Machine translation 5 machine ... Wolof pronunciation. Doubled consonants are pronunced with long versions of the sounds above. Wolofal (Arabic script for Wolof) Garay alphabet. The order of the letters and their … Wolof is one of the six national languages of Senegal ( Senegaal / سِنِڭَالْ ), along with Serer, Mandinka, Pulaar, Diola and Soninke. Wolof was first written with a version of the Arabic script known as Wolofal, which is still used by many older men in Senegal. The Wolof orthography using the Latin alphabet was standardised in 1974 ... Providing professional interpreters for non-English speaking patients in healthcare settings is a matter of accessibility, but it can also be a matter of life or death in critical situations. Word360 provides a range of language services inc. interpreting, translation & accessibility services delivered by award-winning technology and linguists.Unlike most other languages of the Niger-Congo family, Wolof is not a tonal language. In The Gambia, although about 20–25 percent of the population speak Wolof as a first language, it has a disproportionate influence because of its prevalence in Banjul, the Gambian capital, where 75 percent of the population use it as a first language. Translation Africa’s commitment to excellence in Wolof translation services in Africa stems from a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities embedded within the Wolof language. By offering tailor-made solutions that cater to the unique linguistic and cultural requirements of clients, Translation Africa has established itself as a ... With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.From the English translation it has now been translated into numerous other languages. The text of the Wolof , English and French versions are available in Online Bible format. Users can open different language versions of the Way of Righteousness series in separate windows and therefore compare them — a very useful exercise for …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Translation of "thank you" into Wolof . jëre-jef, jëre-jëf, mba are the top translations of "thank you" into Wolof. thank you noun interjection grammar . An expression of gratitude or politeness, in response to something done or given. [..] + Add translation Add thank you English-Wolof dictionary . jëre-jef Ndella Translate. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. subword-level based units. For such models, using backtranslation proves to be slightly beneficial in low-resource Wolof to high-resource French language translation for the transformer-based models. A slight improvement can also be observed when injecting copied monolingual text in the target language. Translator. Our online translator can be found at JangaWolofTranslator.org. Wolof keyboard to type the special characters of the Wolof alphabet. (Consider donating to the keyboard’s creator.) Click to access wolof+cheat+sheet+2013.pdf. Wolof Translation Services. At Translate 4 Africa, we provide Wolof translation services and interpreting into and from over 100 languages.We ensure quality, whether you require any document to be translated or interpreted for your company or you, we can make it possible for you.. Quality Wolof translation services. Translate 4 Africa has …An accessible look at the Wolof language, from Senegal in West Africa, which has a unique pronoun system where pronouns do much of the work more usually done...Wolof does not have official language status in any of the countries where it is spoken, however it does have a large number of speakers in several places located near the historic Wolof Empire. In Senegal the official language is French, but Wolof is spoken by about 40 percent of the country’s population as their mother tongue.CIT offers comprehensive Wolof language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Wolof …The Joos Maternal Dynasty (Serer proper: Joos Fadiou or "Dioss Fahou/Fadiou") was a Serer maternal dynasty in the Wolof Kingdom of Waalo. Instead, they have announcers -- guys hanging off the back doors who holler their destinations in rapid Wolof. In Serrekunda, the Gambia's largest town, although only a tiny minority are ethnic Wolofs ...Translation memory for Spanish - Wolof languages The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in …Wolof to English Certified Translation Company. Professional Wolof to English translations are available online for all official documents such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, and diplomas. We work with certified translators from many countries such as Egypt, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, US, UK, and others. Get My Free Quote. At TranslationServices.com, we translate materials directly from the original Wolof and never use an intermediary language. Get a free quote for Wolof to English translation services. Considering Wolof’s unique grammatical structure, accurate translation requires a deep understanding of both English and Wolof as well as a keen eye for detail. Introduction to Wolof-Peace Corps/Mauritania P.DOT – Wolof Lessons Lesson 1: The Alphabet Lesson 2: Vocabulary 1 Lesson 3: Greetings Lesson 4: Numbers Lesson 5: Vocabulary 2 Lesson 6: Vocabulary 3 Lesson 7: Days of the Week and Some Expressions of Time Lesson 8: Introducing Self/SomeoneAbout this app. arrow_forward. • Text translation: Translate between 108 languages by typing. • Tap to Translate: Copy text in any app and tap the Google Translate icon to translate (all languages) • Offline: Translate with no internet connection (59 languages) • Instant camera translation: Translate text in images instantly by just ...Mar 13, 2023 · Wolof is a widely spoken and historically significant language in Senegal. It has been around for over 800 years, predating the English language for centuries. Wolof has the second-largest native speaker base in Africa, following behind only Arabic. It is one of the most widely spoken African languages. The Wolof language has two main dialects ... Benoit Language Services, Inc. has been serving the nation's interpreting needs since 1978, providing expert interpreters dedicated to the art of communication in a wide variety of languages. Our accredited professionals are well versed in all areas of the legal, medical and business fields, assuring you accurate, unbiased and confidential ... Wolof Translators Available Now! Over the years, our Wolof translators have translated everything from technical documents, websites, and even literary works. After all, professional Wolof translation is crucial for any business that wants to establish local/international partnerships or maintain strong communication networks. The Joos Maternal Dynasty (Serer proper: Joos Fadiou or "Dioss Fahou/Fadiou") was a Serer maternal dynasty in the Wolof Kingdom of Waalo. Instead, they have announcers -- guys hanging off the back doors who holler their destinations in rapid Wolof. In Serrekunda, the Gambia's largest town, although only a tiny minority are ethnic Wolofs ... Send us an email at [email protected] or give us a call at 1-833-744-1555. Wolof Certified Translations. We provide Wolof Certified translations for personal and corporate requests. Certified translations are usually requested by government agencies and universities (USCIS, ECFMG, etc.). Wolof Language. Wolof is a language spoken in Gambia, Mauritania and Senegal. Wolof language has approximately 12,500,000 native speakers. Introduction to Wolof-Peace Corps/Mauritania P.DOT – Wolof Lessons Lesson 1: The Alphabet Lesson 2: Vocabulary 1 Lesson 3: Greetings Lesson 4: Numbers Lesson 5: Vocabulary 2 Lesson 6: Vocabulary 3 Lesson 7: Days of the Week and Some Expressions of Time Lesson 8: Introducing Self/Someone Lesson 9: Leave-taking Expressions Oct 15, 2018 · Wolof and Senegal go hand in hand. Not only are the Wolof people the most populous in Senegal, but their language is spoken by 85 percent of Senegalese people. From the Sine-Saloum Delta on the Gambian border to Saint-Louis on Senegal’s northern frontier, Wolof is the language you’ll almost certainly hear on the streets, but hardly ever see in the newspapers. Majority of other languages with weaker resources are then left behind which is the case for most African languages including Wolof. In this work, we present a parallel Wolof/French corpus of 123,000 sentences on which we conducted experiments on machine translation models based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in different data configurations.

English to Wolof Translation Jobs. 6,000+ Potential Customers - Free for Members! Become a Member at Just $12/Month (Paid per Year) MTPE work of 300 000 words in many languages: Job 00071325. Source language (s): English. Target language (s): All languages. Details of the project: Greetings! Hope you are doing well.. Team 17 digital limited

wolof language translation

Wolof, translated anytime. The Wolof Translator provides Wolof, French and or English translation services. ... Your one stop shop for the Wolof language. Home: Welcome. Mar 21, 2023; 2 min; The …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Janga Wolof: Wolof Language & Culture Blog (USA) A free blog in English, with mini lessons in Wolof, glossaries, and links to other sites on the Internet. Lilyan Kesteloot, 1931-2018. Editions Orizons (Paris): Lilyan Kesteloot -- Bibliographie. L'Harmattan Sénégal (Dakar): "Entretien avec Lilyan Kesteloot," le 19 mars 2016. At TranslationServices.com, we translate materials directly from the original Wolof and never use an intermediary language. Get a free quote for Wolof to English translation services. Considering Wolof’s unique grammatical structure, accurate translation requires a deep understanding of both English and Wolof as well as a keen eye for detail. PoliLingua is a professional translation services company with over 20 years of experience. We translate over 200 languages into Wolof. We offer Wolof translations for businesses and individuals, ensuring accuracy and precision in all our work. Our team of translators is native speakers of Wolof, guaranteeing that your translations will be ... A Wolof, West-African French or English voice-over for your videos, shows, documentaries and others. Per project. Services: Price List +18312758641 ©2020 by The Wolof Translator.Sep 15, 2023 · A machine translation (MT) system allows to switch from a textual sequence (or an audio source) in a source language, to the same sequence in the target language. For a long time, statistical machine translation (SMT) systems [ 1] were the most popular approach before neural machine translation (NMT) ones [ 2] came along and achieved an ... Indeed, a few tests show that DeepL Translator offers better translations than Google Translate when it comes to Dutch to English and vice versa. In the first test - from English into Italian - it proved to be very accurate, especially good at grasping the meaning of the sentence, rather than being derailed by a literal translation.Translation memory for Wolof - French languages The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in …This video is all about Wolof, an important language spoken in West Africa! Learn a language with native teachers online using italki: ...Translation of "hello" into Wolof. Naka Nia Def, ba djamarek, munwayo are the top translations of "hello" into Wolof. Sample translated sentence: hello ↔ na gadef. hello verb noun interjection grammar. A call for response if it is not clear if anyone is present or listening, or if a telephone conversation may have been disconnected.Translation memory for German - Wolof languages The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in …• Ay Baati Wolof: Wolof-English dictionary, by Pamela Munro & Dieynaba Gaye (1997) • WolofResources: Wolof-French-English vocabulary by topics • 17 minute languages: … PoliLingua is a professional translation services company with over 20 years of experience. We translate over 200 languages into Wolof. We offer Wolof translations for businesses and individuals, ensuring accuracy and precision in all our work. Our team of translators is native speakers of Wolof, guaranteeing that your translations will be ... Wolof is one of the most widely spoken language of West Africa with upwards of ten million speakers. It is the native language of the Wolof people and is spoken in countries such as Senegal, The Gambia and Mauritania. Historically, Wolof was written using Arabic script, but the language is now written and taught using the Roman alphabet.Wolof | African Language Translator - ST Communications. Wolof Translation Services. niche wolof translation and adaptation solutions. Wolof is the primary (although not …New Arrivals Monitor. Coalition For The Homeless INC. New York, NY. ( Financial District area) Fulton St. $60,000 - $65,000 a year. Full-time. Proficiency in English and at least one of the primary languages of the New Arrivals (which include Spanish, French, Wolof, and Pulaar) strongly preferred. Posted 29 days ago ·.With a large screen, multi-week battery life, speech and text translation, and two years of free data around the world, the Pocketalk Plus is the best translator on the market. Read the Review [Pocketalk] translates close to 100 languages and …Wolof Document Translation Services. The language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania are Wolof. It is spoken by 40% of the population of Wolof and is the native language of the Wolof people. It is also spoken at Senegal as a second language. This language is originated from the Senegambia branch of the Niger-Congo language family.Machine translation is an area of NLP research that allows one language to be translated into another language. Today it is difficult to find an automatic translator for languages that are not well represented, especially in Africa. This is the purpose of this project. Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal and many other countries in West Africa.2 Wolof Grammar Notes: Imperative Forma tion: Singul ar : Verb + -al (if verb ends in consonant e.g. waxal) [+/- object pronouns] Verb + -l (if verb ends in i, u or a long vowel e.g. noppil) Verb + -vowel + -l (if verb ends in any other vowel e.g. booleel) Verb + -wal (if verb is monosyllabic ending in a vowel e.g. jiwal) Plural Verb + -leen (e.g. waxleen, noppileen, ….

Popular Topics