How to get rid of a skunk - Jun 10, 2021 · Citrus smells - Most animals, including skunks, dislike the smell of citrus fruits. Place orange or lemon peels around the yard as a natural skunk repellent. Predator smells - Dog, coyote, and other predator urine can be used as ways to get rid of a skunk. These are normally commercially sold and can be applied around the garden.

 
Lethal traps are banned in some states. 3. Poisoning. The option of using poison to kill a skunk comes easily to mind for many homeowners. For one, laying out poison for a pest can often be trailed by unforeseen consequences, where household pets get killed after getting to the poison first.. Deep brown noise

4 days ago · Fortunately, skunks are usually fairly easy to get rid of, even if approaching them head-on is not recommended. Start Slowly. Unlike raccoons, skunks can take a hint. If you know where they’re nesting, you can loosely fill the entrance to their burrow with leaves or newspaper. 1. Clean Up Fallen Fruits and Nuts. One of the best ways to stop a skunk from coming around is to make your property undesirable to them. Start by cleaning up fallen fruits and nuts. These are a favorite food of skunks, so if you take away their food source, they’re less likely to stick around. 2. Jul 22, 2022 · Begin by mixing 1 quart of hydrogen peroxide, a half cup of baking soda, and 1 teaspoon of dish soap. Use a washcloth to apply this mixture to the skin, allow it to sit for a few minutes, and then rinse off with clean water for at least 5 minutes. The process may need repeating. The best "skunk sprayed the dog" remedy EVER!! Watch on. The best way to permanently get rid of skunks is by setting up deterrents around your property to keep skunks out. Get rid of skunks permanently by: Not leaving food or water outside. Installing a motion-sensor sprinkler system. Installing fencing that’s at least 3 feet high and a foot deep. Adding motion-sensor lights in the yardTo get the skunk smell out of a building or off of an outdoor surface like a porch or deck, mix 1 cup of liquid bleach with one gallon of water and clean the surface with it. Tomato Juice This is a well-known, old-time remedy for de-skunking your pet.Clean up brush piles around your home, keep garbage cans secured with lids, feed your pets indoors, spray a skunk repellent around the yard, get rid of rodents and insects, and install a motion light outside your home. A motion-activated sprinkler is also one of the most effective and natural ways to repel skunks and a variety of other critters. Mix together: 1 quart of 3-% hydrogen peroxide (available at any pharmacy) 1/4 cup baking soda. 1 teaspoon liquid dishwashing soap. De-skunking Shampoos on Amazon.com. Wearing rubber gloves, wash your dog with this solution immediately after they've been sprayed. DO NOT get the solution in their eyes. (If you don't have peroxide, baking soda ... Mix a quart of hydrogen peroxide, 1/4 cup of baking soda, and a teaspoon of liquid dish soap in a bowl, then use a washrag to bathe the dog thoroughly with this mixture, rinse, then shampoo and rinse again. The bad odor will be magically gone. If your dog was sprayed in the face, expect bad breath for a prolonged period.5 days ago · 2. Remove Skunk Oil From Your Dog’s Coat. Bathe your dog outdoors or in a space outside your home (like a garage or barn) if possible, which helps avoid getting skunk smell inside your house ... SERVPRO is Available 24/7. There are more than 2,000 SERVPRO franchises across the United States and Canada, with elite cleanup and restoration technicians on ...Nov 24, 2020 · Homemade Repellants. Homemade repellant is the cheapest way to get rid of skunks. You can use a mixture of jalapeno juices, cayenne, and other spicy ingredients and spray it in problem areas. Or you can spray predator urine in the same areas. Jul 22, 2022 · Begin by mixing 1 quart of hydrogen peroxide, a half cup of baking soda, and 1 teaspoon of dish soap. Use a washcloth to apply this mixture to the skin, allow it to sit for a few minutes, and then rinse off with clean water for at least 5 minutes. The process may need repeating. The best "skunk sprayed the dog" remedy EVER!! Watch on. The common striped skunk is a North American native found throughout the U.S. and into Central Canada and Northern Mexico. Some skunk species, like the hog-nosed skunk and spotted ...Hydrogen Peroxide, Baking Soda and Liquid Soap for Your Dog. The most powerful solution for getting rid of skunk smell on your dog is to mix together a litre of 3% hydrogen peroxide, a quarter cup of baking soda and a teaspoon of liquid soap. Rub it into your dog’s fur, making sure it doesn’t come into contact with the animal’s mouth ... Five steps to get rid of skunks: 1) The most effective method, by far, remains trapping and removal. Set large cage traps, baited with marshmallows or dry cat food, and catch the skunk. Relocate carefully to a new area. 2) To prevent skunks from living under a shed or porch, install exclusion barriers around the perimeter of the structure. You can also try making up a spray bottle of skunk deterrent. This home remedy involves steeping onions, jalapeno peppers, and chili powder in water for a couple of hours, straining, and pouring into a spray bottle. Spray likely skunk areas every three days or so, and again after it rains.The best way to get the skunk smell off the exterior of your car is to use a vinegar-based cleaning solution. You can mix one up at home by combining equal parts dish detergent and vinegar. Using a spray bottle that hooks to your hose (you can buy these at Home Depot), spray the underside of your car and your wheels. Let it dry. Step 1: Remove Food Sources around Property. If there are other food sources available such as pet food or open garbage containers, a skunk will be less likely to visit your trap. You will be baiting your trap, so it is important to remove as many competing food sources as possible. 3 days ago · Fencing. For especially stubborn skunks invading gardens or yards, erect a temporary physical barrier like plastic garden fencing or poultry wire. Or even better, make a permanent fence around your garden to keep skunks and other critters out. Bury fencing 6 inches into the ground to block digging underneath.1. Install a Wire Mesh Fence. Skunks like to make openings under concrete slabs, porches, and crawl spaces home. You might hear them scurrying under the deck. …How To Repel Skunks. Repelling skunks is the only way to get rid of them unless you’re willing to trap them. But we’ll go over trapping skunks later. For now, we’ll focus on the different ways you can repel skunks and keep them away. Repellant Systems. A repellant system is one of the most surefire ways to repel skunks.A skunk's spray burns the human eye and can cover a distance of up to 15 feet. Experienced professionals can easily Remove Skunks From Your Home without causing damage to your property or to the animal itself. Contact Wildlife Controllers to get rid of skunks humanely in Saugus, Massachusetts. Call 877-540-4156 to book an …Dec 4, 2023 · If you keep bees, elevate beehives off the ground. Remove brush, firewood piles, or stacks of rocks, which can provide homes for nesting or a place to hibernate in winter, says Owen. Exclude skunks from spaces such as under sheds, decks, or crawl spaces with hardware cloth. Bury it several inches below ground, says Mengak.2 days ago · All the adversity I've had in my life, all my troubles have strengthened me. . . You may not realize it when it happens, but a kick in the teeth may be the best thing in the world for you. – Walt Disney. Great Quotes from Great Leaders, 43.You can us dirty kitty litter in a plastic bag the same way. These will smell like a predator's urine and make the mother skunk feel unsafe. Patience and ...Mar 5, 2024 · Castor oil. Dishwashing detergent. Water. tb1234. To make this DIY skunk repellent spray, find an old spray bottle and add one part castor oil with one part dishwashing detergent and three parts clean water. When everything is combined, spray the solution around the perimeter of your home, yard, and garden beds. Place the baited trap, without setting it, where you intend to catch the Skunk and fasten the doors open with a stick or wire. Do not set the trap at this point. Set the trap. After several days, if the bait has been disturbed or taken, it is time to refresh the bait and set the trap. Step 4) Release and Removal. Step-by-Step Instructions. Mix the ingredients in an open container and immediately apply to your dog. Be very careful not to get the mixture in your dog's nose, eyes, ears, or mouth. Lather up really good (my husband used a cheap shampoo first just to get the suds going). Rinse and dry off your dog.A skunk's spray burns the human eye and can cover a distance of up to 15 feet. Experienced professionals can easily Remove Skunks From Your Home without causing damage to your property or to the animal itself. Contact Wildlife Controllers to get rid of skunks humanely in Saugus, Massachusetts. Call 877-540-4156 to book an …Learn the best ways to remove skunk odor from you, your pet, your car, or your house. Find out what causes skunk smell, how to act quickly, and what … 2. Remove other food sources. Turning over trash cans isn’t the only nuisance that skunks pose. If you leave food out for your four-legged friends, they will partake of that as well. Windows can make it just as easy for skunks to get inside as doors. Make sure any windows (particularly low ones) are locked and sealed tightly so skunks can’t knock them out to get inside. Keep Trash Inside. Store your trash bins indoors until trash day. Keep them in tightly locked cans in case a skunk feels inspired to come into the …Did your dog get sprayed by a skunk? Home remedies to remove skunk odor are actually more effective than some commercial skunk removal products, according to an.Jun 10, 2021 · Citrus smells - Most animals, including skunks, dislike the smell of citrus fruits. Place orange or lemon peels around the yard as a natural skunk repellent. Predator smells - Dog, coyote, and other predator urine can be used as ways to get rid of a skunk. These are normally commercially sold and can be applied around the garden. Hold a large towel or sheet in front of you, down to your toes, as you walk towards the trap. Approach a trapped skunk calmly, humming softly as you near the trap in order to avoid startling the animal. Drop the towel or sheet over the cage once you reach it. Skunks don't like to spray if they can't see their target. The hydrogen peroxide and baking soda will break down the sulfur in the skunk oil and help to eliminate the smell. The detergent will break down the oil itself. [1] X Research source. 3. Wash your skin and hair with the solution. Soak a sponge or loofah in the peroxide mixture and apply generous amounts to your skin.Sep 22, 2020 · The best way to deal with an unitended skunk in a live trap is to. Cover the trap. Open the trap and let the skunk walk out and away. Getting a covering over the trap (like a blanket or towel) is the first step to success. Getting a cover over the trap has many advantages a few of which are: keeps the skunk calm. Feb 27, 2024 · Put motion sensor lights outside to scare skunks as they leave or enter their dens. Leave a radio running on a porch or in a shed to drive skunks out. Remove food sources by covering your trash, keeping pet food inside, and picking up fruit and nuts in your yard. Method 1. If not removed with the right products, skunk smell can take several days to go away. If there is a dead skunk and it is not removed, it can take as long as two weeks to dissipate....How To Get Rid Of Skunks from your Property. They may look cute from afar, but skunks are those pesky little creatures that give a not-so-great gift that just seems to keep on giving. One spray from a skunk and you, your house, and your pets will have a lingering rancid smell stuck to you for days on end.One of the most effective ways of eliminating skunk spray odor is by treating a vehicle’s exterior with a distilled vinegar/dishwashing liquid formula. Use a 1-to-1 ratio of vinegar to water and add a few drops of dishwashing liquid.11 Mar 2022 ... Step 1: Use an electronic repellent system. Ultrasonic pulses or sprays of water that emit from electronic repellent systems can repel all kinds ...Are you tired of staring at that pile of junk in your garage or basement? Do you want to declutter your space but don’t know where to start? Well, you’re in luck. In this step-by-s...5 days ago · The most common household remedy to get rid of skunk odor used to be a tomato juice bath, although it had limited success. For effectiveness, we recommend a top-rated skunk shampoo made for dogs .Baby skunks can spray. Skunks spray when they feel frightened or threatened, and baby skunks are more likely to spray than adults because they tend to frighten more easily. When ba... Step 1: Remove Food Sources around Property. If there are other food sources available such as pet food or open garbage containers, a skunk will be less likely to visit your trap. You will be baiting your trap, so it is important to remove as many competing food sources as possible. Apr 12, 2023 · How-to steps. In a large container, mix the hydrogen peroxide, baking soda and dish soap. Put on gloves and immediately apply the solution to your dog’s fur, avoiding the eyes, ears, nose and mouth. …SIX WAYS TO GET RID OF SKUNKS: 1. If skunks are under a shed, porch, or house, inspect the structure, and find the entry hole (s). 2. If skunks are under a …If you have a skunk problem you probably already know how difficult it is to get rid of them and keep them away. Here are a few ways to get rid of skunks or get rid of the smell that they leave behind. Skunk Diseases: Skunks are a known carrier of rabies, and for years were considered the number one carrier in many states. Skunks are also ...tb1234. Table Of Contents. Easy Ways to Keep a Skunk Off Your Property. Eliminating Skunks with Live Traps. Using Sprinklers as a Natural …Apr 12, 2023 · How-to steps. In a large container, mix the hydrogen peroxide, baking soda and dish soap. Put on gloves and immediately apply the solution to your dog’s fur, avoiding the eyes, ears, nose and mouth. Note that it will be bubbling. Sponge it onto your dog and use your gloved hands to really work the solution into the fur. A rag, a plastic container, and ammonia are all you need. Make several holes in the plastic container and soak the rug in ammonia. Seal the rug in the plastic bottle, leaving only the perforations open. Then hang it at the den door. These will simulate the smell of predator urine, causing skunks to flee.How To Get Rid Of Skunks from your Property. They may look cute from afar, but skunks are those pesky little creatures that give a not-so-great gift that just seems to keep on giving. One spray from a skunk and you, your house, and your pets will have a lingering rancid smell stuck to you for days on end. Bait As scavengers, skunks usually depend on their keen sense of smell when trying to find food sources. This means that you should use strong scented foods in order to draw the animal in. The most effective baits are known to be meat-based such as tuna, raw chicken entrails, cat food, and sardines, among others. Sep 23, 2022 · You can get rid of a dead skunk without harming the environment or your neighbors. However, before you dispose of it, you need to understand why it was still alive. Generally, you may find an orphaned skunk in the midst of an urban area. It may have been driven there by humans or it may have merely been born there.10 Nov 2021 ... Be sure to use dishwasher soap in the shower. The degreaser will help remove the smell from your skin. Both my husband and I used Dawn dish soap ...Use Your Shovel to Pick Up the Dead Carcass. Scoop the shovel under the trash bag and transfer the body into the trash container as if you’re shoveling dirt into a hole. The skunk may slide from the shovel as you lift it up, but that’s normal, so don’t be alarmed when that happens. Move the shovel carefully and scoop more dirt over the ...21 Jun 2023 ... I would test it on an area that does not show first though just to be on the safe side! It is the solution with hydrogen peroxide, baking soda ...How To Get Rid Of Skunks Under Deck, Shed, Porch, or House · 1. Install a Wire Mesh Fence · 2. Sprinkle Kitty Litter Nearby · 3. Use Cotton Balls Soaked in&nbs... Bait As scavengers, skunks usually depend on their keen sense of smell when trying to find food sources. This means that you should use strong scented foods in order to draw the animal in. The most effective baits are known to be meat-based such as tuna, raw chicken entrails, cat food, and sardines, among others. 2. Scare skunks away with lights or noisemakers. Bright, flashing lights are alarming to skunks, and can be an effective deterrent in dens and garden areas and around animal enclosures or trash cans. Look for a light-based animal deterrent and set it up in an area where skunks are active.5. Make a Homemade Repellent. Skunks hate the smell of peppers, lemons, and onions. So, make a repellent using cayenne pepper, lemon, onions, and tobacco. Smash them in an open can and boil for a few minutes. Later, add the solution into a spray bottle and spray under the shed.4. Havahart Spray Away Hydro-Remote. Read Verified Customer Reviews. A completely electronic repellent that provides an innovative way to repel skunks from your house, yard. How it works: The product uses a blast of water to effectively scare away smelly intruders keeping your yard clear of skunk’s destruction.Five steps to get rid of skunks: 1) The most effective method, by far, remains trapping and removal. Set large cage traps, baited with marshmallows or dry cat food, and catch the skunk. Relocate carefully to a new area. 2) To prevent skunks from living under a shed or porch, install exclusion barriers around the perimeter of the structure.5 days ago · Step 2: Mix the Ingredients. Mix together: 1 quart of 3-% hydrogen peroxide (available at any pharmacy) 1/4 cup baking soda. 1 teaspoon liquid dishwashing soap. De-skunking Shampoos on Amazon.com. Wearing rubber gloves, wash your dog with this solution immediately after they've been sprayed. DO NOT get the solution in their eyes.Try dousing a skunked dog with about a cup of vanilla extract mixed in a gallon of water to get rid of skunk odor, says Hazel Christiansen, a longtime professional groomer and former president of the American Grooming Shop Association, in Lewiston, Idaho. Let the dog soak in the solution for about 10 minutes before applying dog …Exclude the Deck. For permanent results, dig a trench along the edges of your deck, one foot deep, then secure a 16-gauge, galvanized steel mesh into its sides. Bury the mesh. Pest-proofing your deck in this way will prevent skunks, raccoons, or rodents from digging into the deck once more. Just be sure to do this in late summer or early fall ...White vinegar contains acetic acid, which breaks down biological odors (like skunk!). For faster results, you can also boil white vinegar, but be sure to watch ...Dec 5, 2019 · How to get rid of skunks living under the shed. Sometimes a pregnant skunk can raise a family under your shed. If you have a family of skunks (or a single skunk) under your shed, you can get rid of them by doing the following: Add lighting. The light will be a disturbance to the skunks and may help drive them out.Jul 20, 2023 · If you’re dealing with skunks under your shed, you’re probably wondering how to get rid of them safely and humanely. Fortunately, there are several ways to get rid of skunks under your shed without harming them. From identifying skunk presence to preventive measures, humane skunk removal, and dealing with skunk odor, this article …Jan 18, 2022 · 1. Prepare the baking soda solution. Making a homemade solution from baking soda can help you eliminate the skunk odor instead of just covering it. To make the solution, mix together ¼ cup of baking soda, 2 teaspoons of dish soap, 1 quart of 3% hydrogen peroxide, and 1 cup of warm water.Did your dog get sprayed by a skunk? Home remedies to remove skunk odor are actually more effective than some commercial skunk removal products, according to an. Place the baited trap, without setting it, where you intend to catch the Skunk and fasten the doors open with a stick or wire. Do not set the trap at this point. Set the trap. After several days, if the bait has been disturbed or taken, it is time to refresh the bait and set the trap. Step 4) Release and Removal. How to Identify Skunk Problem. The first step to rid your home of skunks is being able to identify the problem. Luckily or unluckily for you, skunk presence can be identified by its odor. However, this isn’t as bad or concentrated as its spray. Skunk odor isn’t the only way to establish its presence. If not removed with the right products, skunk smell can take several days to go away. If there is a dead skunk and it is not removed, it can take as long as two weeks to dissipate....After these products get rid of the skunk smell, United Wildlife’s skunk-odor experts use fragrances and deodorizers which can help mask or remove any remaining skunk odor. If you or Fido are ever unfortunate enough to get sprayed, there are numerous commercial products designed to get rid of the smell of skunk. The problem is. Get Rid …Aug 9, 2019 · 1 quart 3 percent hydrogen peroxide. 1 teaspoon baby shampoo or grease-cutting dish detergent. 1/4 cup baking soda. Lather this mixture onto your pet’s fur and let it sit for five minutes. Make ... Apr 11, 2018 · Once you’re ready to get to work, mix the peroxide, baking soda, and soap in a bucket. While it is still fizzing, start pouring/rubbing/sponging the mixture on your dog’s fur. Work it in as much as you can and then start hosing your dog down. The peroxide and baking soda will neutralize the thiols, while the soap will work in conjunction ... How to Keep Skunks Away. Spray a mixture of castor oil and dish-washing detergent diluted in water. Skunks find the smell offensive. Spray the area at night when the skunk is away foraging. Probably the best skunk repellent is light. Skunks are nocturnal, and their eyes are very light-sensitive. If you have cloth seats, for instance, you will want to mix vinegar and water together in a spray bottle. When you have created your concoction, lightly spray (a mist, usually) onto the upholstery and onto the carpet, too. Give the solution a few minutes to sit so that it can do its job against the smell of the skunk.Try a Natural Skunk Repellent. If you don't want to use chemical repellents, some natural options are available. Try using ammonia-soaked rags or fabric ...Fill your trough full of water. set your trap next to it and tie a short pease of rope on the top of the trap baited with sardines. If you catch the skunk pick up the rope and trap and set it down in the trough. make sure the water is deeper than the trap is tall. leave it a couple of hours. Oct 4, 2009.Skunk roadkill is also a potential cause of skunk smell in a car. Unfortunately, skunks are sometimes hit by vehicles on the road, and if a skunk is hit near your car, the smell can easily get inside. The odor from skunk roadkill can be particularly strong and unpleasant.It's one of those things that will stick around for a long time. No, we're not talking about the skunk smell in this case, but rather, the old tomato juice remedy to rid of it. Countless folks swear by the magical power of tomato juice for removing Pepe Le Pew's noxious emissions, making tomato juice the king of home remedies for dogs who are ...How To Get Rid of Skunks. Step 1) Prevent Access. To prevent skunk access, inspect the home or structure for all possible openings, and then seal them off. Methods of preventing access include: Trim trees and other shrubbery away from the house and roof. Secure a cap of sheet metal over the chimney outlet. Repair openings or holes in the home ...11 Mar 2022 ... Step 1: Use an electronic repellent system. Ultrasonic pulses or sprays of water that emit from electronic repellent systems can repel all kinds ...1. Prepare the baking soda solution. Making a homemade solution from baking soda can help you eliminate the skunk odor instead of just covering it. To make the solution, mix together ¼ cup of baking soda, 2 teaspoons of dish soap, 1 quart of 3% hydrogen peroxide, and 1 cup of warm water.

Explore Options. What Are Skunks? Skunks were once considered members of the weasel family, but they are now recognized as wholly distinct …. Koenigsegg configurator

how to get rid of a skunk

Skunks: How to Get Rid of Skunks in the Garden | The Old Farmer's Almanac. Home. Gardening. Pests and Diseases. Skunks are docile animals but may spray if threatened. Photo Credit. …It's one of those things that will stick around for a long time. No, we're not talking about the skunk smell in this case, but rather, the old tomato juice remedy to rid of it. Countless folks swear by the magical power of tomato juice for removing Pepe Le Pew's noxious emissions, making tomato juice the king of home remedies for dogs who are ...5 days ago · The most common household remedy to get rid of skunk odor used to be a tomato juice bath, although it had limited success. For effectiveness, we recommend a top-rated skunk shampoo made for dogs .2 – Peroxide mixture. This is a very effective way of getting rid of the nasty skunk smell right away. Mix together a quart of hydrogen peroxide (3-percent) with 1/4 cup of baking soda along with a teaspoon of liquid soap used for dishwashing. You can put this mixture in a spray bottle and use it in the most pungent areas.1 Soak in White Vinegar. This household acid works to break apart the skunk spray oil within clothing. Mix one part white vinegar with five parts warm water and dunk the affected clothing within the formula. Be sure to work the formula within the clothing fiber for several minutes before leaving it to soak for 2-3 hours.Clean up brush piles around your home, keep garbage cans secured with lids, feed your pets indoors, spray a skunk repellent around the yard, get rid of rodents and insects, and install a motion light outside your home. A motion-activated sprinkler is also one of the most effective and natural ways to repel skunks and a variety of other critters.Learn how to identify, avoid, and remove skunks from your home and garden. Find out the signs of skunk presence, the best methods to keep them …There are also plenty of natural options, and one which is commonly mentioned is a solution made by boiling water with cayenne pepper, jalapeno pepper and ... 1/4-cup baking soda; Two teaspoons liquid dish soap. Water (for rinsing only). How-to steps. In a large container, mix the hydrogen peroxide, baking soda and dish soap. Put on gloves and ... How to get rid of skunks from your yard 1. Apply strong scents to repel skunks . Skunks have a delicate sense of smell and (much like getting rid of lizards) can be repelled easily …Sprinkle a layer of chalk dust, corn starch, or flour about two feet around any opening they use to get in and out of the den. After dark, check for tracks ...Dec 5, 2019 · The neutralizing effect of vinegar can help get rid of the nasty scent. You can use vinegar “stations” around the home to help suck up and clean the air. Just add vinegar to a cup and place them where the skunk smell resides. Use air circulation like fans to help drive the air particles away towards an open window. How To Get Rid Of Skunks Under Deck, Shed, Porch, or House · 1. Install a Wire Mesh Fence · 2. Sprinkle Kitty Litter Nearby · 3. Use Cotton Balls Soaked in&nbs... Rinse the dog's eyes with cool water if sprayed in the face. Mix the ingredients in a bowl and immediately apply the solution when it starts to bubble. Lather the mixture throughout the skunked area on your pet. Be careful to avoid the eyes. Let sit for 5 minutes, and then rinse thoroughly with warm water. 1 quart 3% hydrogen peroxide. Mix it together, apply and lather, and let sit for five minutes. Repeat if necessary, but be warned that the hydrogen peroxide could lighten hair or fur. In fact, for ...Dec 5, 2019 · The neutralizing effect of vinegar can help get rid of the nasty scent. You can use vinegar “stations” around the home to help suck up and clean the air. Just add vinegar to a cup and place them where the skunk smell resides. Use air circulation like fans to help drive the air particles away towards an open window. .

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